All the saints and elect of God are gathered together before the tribulation, which is to
come, and are taken to the Lord, in order that they may not see at any time the confusion
which overwhelms the world because of our sins.
-Pseudo-Ephraem (c. 374-627)
Critics of pretribulationism sometimes state that belief in the rapture is a doctrinal
development of recent origin. They argue that the doctrine of the rapture or any semblance of it
was completely unknown before the early 1800s and the writings of John Nelson Darby. One of
the most vocal and sensational critics of the rapture is Dave MacPherson, who argues that,
"during the first 18 centuries of the Christian era, believers were never 'Rapture separaters'
[sic]; they never separated the minor Rapture aspect of the Second Coming of Christ from the
Second Coming itself."1
A second critic, John Bray, also vehemently opposes a pretribulational rapture, writing, "this
teaching is not a RECOVERY of truth once taught and then neglected. No, it never was
taught-for 1800 years nearly no one knew anything about such a scheme."2 More recently, pre-trib opponent Robert Van Kampen proclaimed, "The pretribulational rapture position with its
dual parousias was unheard of in church history prior to 1830."3 In our previous issue of Pre-Trib Perspectives, I noted that pre-wrath advocate Marvin Rosenthal has also joined the chorus.4
Christian reconstructionists have also consistently and almost universally condemned
premillennialism and pretribulationism, favoring instead, postmillen-nialism. One sample of
their prolific and often vitri-olic opposition can be seen in Gary North's derisive description of
the rapture as "the Church's hoped-for Escape Hatch on the world's sinking ship," which he,
like MacPherson, believes was invented in 1830.5
How to Find the Rapture in History
Is pretribulationism as theologically bankrupt as its critics profess, or are there answers to
these charges? If there are reasonable answers, then the burden of proof and historical
argumentation shifts back to the critics. Rapture critics must acknowledge and interact with the
historical and theological evidence.
Rapture critic William Bell has formulated three criteria for establishing the validity of a
historical citation regarding the rapture. If any of his three criteria are met, then he
acknowledges it is "of crucial importance, if found, whether by direct statement or clear
inference." As will be seen, the Pseudo-Ephraem sermon meets not one, but two of his canons,
namely, "Any mention that Christ's second coming was to consist of more than one phase,
separated by an interval of years," and "any mention that Christ was to remove the church from
the earth before the tribulation period."6
Pseudo-Ephraem's Rapture Statement
I vividly remember the phone call at my office late one afternoon from Canadian prophecy
teacher and writer Grant Jeffrey.7 He told me that he had found an ancient pre-trib rapture
statement. I said, "Let's hear it." He read the following to me over the phone:
All the saints and elect of God are gathered together before the tribulation, which is to
come, and are taken to the Lord, in order that they may not see at any time the confusion
which overwhelms the world because of our sins.
I said that it sure sounds like a pre-trib statement and began to fire at him all the questions I have
since received many times when telling others about the statement from Pseudo-Ephraem's
sermon On the Last Times, the Antichrist, and the End of the World.8 Grant's phone call started
me on journey through many of the substantial libraries throughout the Washington, D.C. area in
an effort to learn all I could about this historically significant statement. The more information I
acquired led me to conclude that Grant is right to conclude that this is a pre-trib rapture
statement of antiquity.
Who is Pseudo-Ephraem?
The word "Pseudo" (Greek for false) is a prefix attached by scholars to the name of a famous
historical person or book of the Bible when one writes using that name. Pseudo-Ephraem claims
that his sermon was written by Ephraem of Nisibis (306-73), considered to be the greatest figure
in the history of the Syrian church. He was well-known for his poetics, rejection of rationalism,
and confrontations with the heresies of Marcion, Mani, and the Arians. As a poet, exegete, and
theologian, his style was similar to that of the Jewish midrashic and targumic traditions and he
favored a contemplative approach to spirituality. So popular were his works that in the fifth and
sixth centuries he was adopted by several Christian communities as a spiritual father and role
model. His many works, some of doubtful authenticity, were soon translated from Syriac into
Greek, Armenian, and Latin.
It is not at all unreasonable to expect that a prolific and prominent figure such as Ephraem
would have writings ascribed to him. While there is little support for Ephraem as the author of
the Sermon on the End of the World, Caspari and Alexander have demonstrated that Pseudo-Ephraem was "heavily influenced by the genuine works of Ephraem."9 What is more difficult,
though secondary to the main purpose of this article, is determining the exact date, purpose,
location of, and extent of subsequent editorial changes to the sermon.10
Suggestions on the date of the writing of the original sermon range from as early as Wilhelm
Bousset's 373 date,11 to Caspari's estimation of sometime between 565 and 627.12 Paul
Alexander, after reviewing all the argumentation, favors a date for the final form similar to that
suggested by Caspari,13 but Alexander also states simply, "It will indeed not be easy to decide
on the matter."14 All are clear that it had to have been written before the advent of Islam.
Pseudo-Ephraem's Sermon
The sermon consists of just under 1500 words, divided into ten sections and has been
preserved in four Latin manuscripts. Three of these date from the eighth century and ascribe the
sermon to Ephraem. A fourth manuscript from the ninth century, claims not Ephraem, but
Isidore of Seville (d. 636) as author.15 Additionally, there are subsequent Greek and Syriac
versions of the sermon which have raised questions regarding the language of the original
manuscript. On the basis of lexical analysis and study of the biblical citations within the sermon
with Latin, Greek, and Syriac versions of the Bible, Alexander believed it most probable that the
homily was composed in Syriac, translated first into Greek, and then into Latin from the Greek.16
Regardless of the original language, the vocabulary and style of the extant copies are consistent
with the writings of Ephraem and his era. It appears likely that the sermon was written near the
time of Ephraem and underwent slight change during subsequent coping.
What is most significant for present-day readers is the fact that the sermon was popular
enough to be translated into several languages fairly soon after its composition. The
significance of the sermon for us today is that it represents a prophetic view of a pre-trib rapture
within the orthodox circles of its day.
The sermon is built around the three themes of the title On the Last Times, the Antichrist,
and the End of the World and proceeds chronologically. The fact that the pre-trib statement
occurs in section 2, while the antichrist and tribulation are developed throughout the middle
sections, followed by Christ's second coming to the earth in the final section supports a pre-trib
sequence. This characteristic of the sermon fits the first criteria outlined by William Bell,
namely "that Christ's second coming was to consist of more than one phase, separated by an
interval of years." Thus, phase one is the rapture statement from section 2; the interval of 3 1/2
years, 42 months, and 1,260 days, said to be the tribulation in sections 7 and 8; the second phase
of Christ's return is noted in section 10 and said to take place "when the three and a half years
have been completed."17
Why Pseudo-Ephraem's Statement is Pretribulational
After learning of Pseudo-Ephraem's rapture statement, I shared it with a number of
colleagues. My favorite approach was to simply read the statement, free of any introductory
remarks, and ask what they thought. Every person, whether pre-trib or not, concluded that it was
some kind of pre-trib statement. A few thought it was a statement from such pre-trib proponents
like John Walvoord or Charles Ryrie. Most noted the clear statement concerning the removal of
believers before the tribulation as a reason for thinking the statement pre-trib. This is Bell's
second criteria for identifying a pre-trib statement from the past, namely, "any mention that
Christ was to remove the church from the earth before the tribulation period." Note the
following reasons why this should be taken as a pre-trib statement:
1) Section 2 of the sermon begins with a statement about imminency: "We ought to
understand thoroughly therefore, my brothers, what is imminent [Latin "immineat"] or
overhanging."18 This is similar to the modern pre-trib view of imminency and considering the
subsequent rapture statements supports a pre-trib scenario.
2) As I break down the rapture statement, notice the following observations:
"All the saints and elect of God are gathered . . ." Gathered where? A later clause says they
"are taken to the Lord." Where is the Lord? Earlier in the paragraph the sermon speaks of "the
meeting of the Lord Christ, so that he may draw us from the confusion. . ." Thus the movement
is from the earth toward the Lord who is apparently in heaven. Once again, in conformity to a
translation scenario found in the pre-trib teaching.
The next phrase says that the gathering takes place "prior to the tribulation that is to come. . ."
so we see that the event is pretribulational and the tribulation is future to the time in which
Pseudo-Ephraem wrote.
The purpose for the gathering was so that they would not "see the confusion that is to
overwhelm the world because of their sins." Here we have the purpose of the tribulation
judgments stated and that was to be a time of judgment upon the world because of their sin, thus,
the church was to be taken out.
3) Finally, the Byzantine scholar Paul Alexander clearly believed that Pseudo-Ephraem was
teaching what we call today a pre-trib rapture. According to Alexander, most Byzantine
apocalypses were concerned with how Christians would survive the time of severe persecution
by Antichrist. The normal approach given by other apocalyptic texts was a shortening of the
time to three and a half years, enabling the survival of some Christians.19 Unlike those texts, this
sermon has Christians being removed from the time of tribulation. Alexander observed:
It is probably no accident that Pseudo-Ephraem does not mention the shortening of the
time intervals for the Antichrist's persecution, for if prior to it the Elect are 'taken to the
Lord,' i.e., participate at least in some measure in beatitude, there is no need for further
mitigating action on their behalf. The Gathering of the Elect according to Pseudo-Ephraem is an alternative to the shortening of the time intervals.20
Conclusion
Regardless of what else the writer of this sermon believed, he did believe that all believers
would be removed before the tribulation-a pre-trib rapture view. Thus, we have seen that those
who have said that there was no one before 1830 who taught the pre-trib rapture position will
have to revise their statements by well over 1,000 years. This statement does not prove the pre-trib position, only the Bible can do that, but it should change many people's historical views on
the matter.
ENDNOTES
1 Dave MacPherson, The Great Rapture Hoax (Fletcher, NC: New Puritan Library, 1983), 15.
For a refutation of MacPherson's charges see Thomas D. Ice, "Why the Doctrine of the
Pretribulational Rapture Did Not Begin with Margaret Macdonald," Bibliotheca Sacra 147
(1990): 155-68.
2 John L. Bray, The Origin of the Pre-Tribulation Rapture Teaching (Lakeland, FL.: John L.
Bray Ministry, 1982), 31-32.
3 Robert Van Kampen, The Sign (Wheaton, IL.: Crossway Books, 1992), 445.
4 Thomas Ice, "Is The Pre-Trib Rapture A Satanic Deception?" Pre-Trib Perspectives (II:1;
March 1995):1-3.
5 Gary North, Rapture Fever: Why Dispensationalism is Paralyzed (Tyler, TX.: Institute for
Christian Economics, 1993), 105.
6 William E. Bell, "A Critical Evaluation of the Pretribulation Rapture Doctrine in Christian
Eschatology" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1967), 26-27.
7 For more information on the Pseudo-Ephraem statement see Grant R. Jeffrey, Final Warning
(Toronto: Frontier Research Publications, 1995). Forthcoming, Timothy Demy and Thomas Ice,
"The Rapture and an Early Medieval Citation" Bibliotheca Sacra 152 (July 1995): 300-11.
Grant R. Jeffrey, "A Pretribulational Rapture Statement in the Early Medieval Church" in
Thomas Ice and Timothy Demy, ed., When the Trumpet Sounds: Today's Foremost Authorities
Speak Out on End-Time Controversies (Eugene, Or: Harvest House, 1995).
8 Grant Jeffrey found the statement in Paul J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition,
by (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 2.10. The late Alexander found the sermon
in C. P. Caspari, ed. Briefe, Abhandlungen und Predigten aus den zwei letzten Jahrhunderten
des kirchlichen Altertums und dem Anfang des Mittelaters, (Christiania, 1890), 208-20. This
German work also contains Caspari's commentary on the sermon on pages 429-72.
9 Paul J. Alexander, "The Diffusion of Byzantine Apocalypses in the Medieval West and the
Beginnings of Joachimism," in Prophecy and Millenarianism: Essays in Honour of Marjorie
Reeves, ed. Ann Williams (Essex, U.K. : Longman, 1980), 59.
10 Paul J. Alexander, "Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources," American Historical Review
73 (1968): 1017. In this essay Alexander addresses in-depth the historical difficulties facing the
interpreter of such texts. To these difficulties, issues of theological interpretation and concern
must also be added.
11 W. Bousset, The Antichrist Legend, trans. A. H. Keane (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1896),
33-41. An early date is also accepted by Andrew R. Anderson, Alexander's Gate: Gog and
Magog and the Enclosed Nations. Monographs of the Mediaeval Academy of America, no. 5.
(Cambridge, MA.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1932):16-18.
12 Caspari, 437-42.
13 Alexander, Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition, 147. This leaves the possibility that the work
may have been altered or revised prior to the date of the extant manuscripts.
14 Ibid., 145. Earlier, he writes: "All that is certain, is as Caspari pointed out, that it must have
been written prior to Heraclius' victories over Sassanid Persia, for the author talks repeatedly of
wars between Rome and Persia and such discussions do not make sense after Heraclius'
victories and the beginning of the Arab invasions" (144).
15 Ibid., 136-37. The only critical edition is Caspari's which suffers a lack of objectivity in that
he relied upon only two of the four extant manuscripts.
16 Ibid., 140-44.
17 Caspari, 219. English citations are taken from a translation of the sermon provided by
Cameron Rhoades, instructor of Latin at Tyndale Theological Seminary, Ft. Worth, TX.
18 Ibid., 210.
19 Alexander, 209.
20 Ibid., 210-11.
